ICAR AIEEA PG Social Science 14 July 2023 Shift-1 Paper

Characteristics and limitations of the Lecture Method:

• The lecture method is fundamentally an instructor-centered, one-way verbal communication method where students are predominantly passive listeners.
• While it is highly efficient for imparting factual knowledge and covering extensive syllabus quickly, it does not effectively foster critical inquiry, active problem-solving, or higher-order reasoning skills.
• Hence, stating that 'Lecture Method can develop reasoning' is not correct.

Modern philosophy and scope of Agricultural Extension:

• Statement (A) is inaccurate: Extension is not merely a mechanical delivery arm of government schemes; it is fundamentally an informal educational and human behavioral development system.
• Statement (B) is true: Modern extension holistically targets family welfare, livelihood security, and overall rural standard of living.
• Statement (C) is true: A central task of extension is empowering farmers to optimize local, accessible resources to solve farming constraints.
• Statement (D) is true: Extension functions as an enabling and capacity-building facilitator for farm livelihoods.
• Hence, (B), (C), and (D) are true.

Mildred Horton's Four Principles of Extension:

• In $1952$, Mildred Horton identified the four fundamental principles underpinning agricultural extension:
• The individual is supreme in a democracy.
• The home is the fundamental unit of civilization.
• The family is the first training group of the human race.
• The average farm family can achieve a great degree of self-reliance.
• These four principles were formulated in the year $1952$.