Match List-I with List-II: List-I: (A) Starter distillate (B)... | Agrigyan

FSSAI Microbiological Standards for Fermented Milks (Dahi, Yogurt):
Under Table 2A of the Food Safety and Standards Regulations (Microbiological Process Hygiene Criteria for Milk and Milk Products):
For Fermented milks (plain, flavored, stirred, set):

• Coliform count threshold: Satisfactory quality when coliform count is less than $10\text{ cfu/g}$ ($m = 10$).
• Marginal quality: Between $10$ and $100\text{ cfu/g}$ ($M = 100$).
• Unsatisfactory quality: Greater than $100\text{ cfu/g}$.

Scientific definition and guidelines for probiotics (FAO/WHO):

• Statement 1 is true: Probiotic efficacy, immunological modulation, and health benefits are strictly strain-specific (e.g., Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG vs other L. rhamnosus strains).
• Statement 2 is true: Probiotics must survive food processing and maintain therapeutic minimum viable counts (typically $\ge 10^6\text{--}10^7\text{ cfu/g}$) until the end of shelf life.
• Statement 3 is true: Probiotic strains must have GRAS status and proven non-pathogenic, non-toxic safety profiles.
• Statement 4 is NOT true: Traditional yogurt starter organisms (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus) lack acid and bile tolerance, cannot survive the gastric passage, and cannot adhere to or colonize human intestinal epithelial cells. Therefore, they do not qualify as true probiotics.

Sequential stages of the viral lytic replication cycle:

• Adsorption (C): Phage tail fibers specifically recognize and bind to receptor proteins/polysaccharides on the bacterial cell wall (requires $Ca^{2+}$ ions).
• Injection (A): The phage sheath contracts, penetrating the cell wall and injecting viral DNA/RNA into the bacterial cytoplasm.
• Viral transcription and translation (D): Host cellular machinery is hijacked for phage mRNA transcription and synthesis of viral capsid proteins and replication enzymes.
• Packaging/Assembly (B): Newly synthesized viral genomes are packaged into capsids, and tails are attached to assemble complete virions prior to cell lysis.