Food Microbiology & Biotechnology

The Hexose Monophosphate (HMP) shunt, also known as the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) or phosphogluconate pathway, is alternatively called the Warburg-Dickens-Horecker pathway in honour of Otto Warburg, Frank Dickens, and Bernard Horecker who elucidated its enzymatic steps. It generates NADPH for reductive biosynthesis and ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis.

Option analysis:

• Warburg-Dickens-Horecker pathway: Correct, eponymous name for the HMP shunt.
• Esther-Lederberg pathway: Esther Lederberg discovered lambda phage and replica plating, unrelated to carbohydrate metabolism.
• Jakub-Parnas pathway: Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) is glycolysis, Jakub is not a pathway name.
• Sergei-Winogradsky pathway: Sergei Winogradsky discovered chemosynthesis and nitrifying bacteria, unrelated to the HMP shunt.

Assertion (A) is correct: Standard yogurt is produced through symbiotic fermentation by a defined mixed starter culture consisting of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus in roughly equal ($1:1$) proportions. Reason (R) is not correct: The byproduct of butter manufacture is buttermilk; whey is the liquid byproduct generated during the manufacture of cheese, paneer, and casein (where milk proteins are coagulated).

Option analysis:

• Both correct: Incorrect because (R) is false.
• Both correct: Incorrect because (R) is false.
• is correct but (R) is not correct: Correct assessment.
• is not correct: Incorrect because (A) is correct.