Veterinary Surgery and Radiology- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024

• Pathology of Hydramnios (Dropsy of the Amnion):
• Hydramnios is excessive accumulation of amniotic fluid ($15 - 40\text{ L}$) caused primarily by fetal malformations that impair normal fetal swallowing and trans-amniotic fluid recycling:
• Bulldog calf in Dexter cattle: Lethal chondrodysplasia with severe craniofacial malformations preventing fetal deglutition.
• Brachygnathic calves in Angus cattle: Extreme mandibular/maxillary shortening preventing swallowing.
• Both genetic conditions (A and B) cause secondary hydramnios.
• nalysis:
• (Both A & B are correct): Correct.

Correct option: (3) Both A & B are correct

• Total Spermatozoa per Ejaculate in Domestic Animals:
• Boar: Characterized by massive ejaculate volume ($150 - 300\text{ ml}$) and high total sperm count:

(Highest absolute sperm output per single ejaculation among domestic mammals).

• Stallion: $50 - 100\text{ ml}$, $5 - 10\text{ billion sperm}$.
• Bull: $4 - 8\text{ ml}$, $4 - 8\text{ billion sperm}$.
• Ram: $0.8 - 1.2\text{ ml}$, $2 - 4\text{ billion sperm}$ (highest concentration, but low volume).
• nalysis:
• (Boar): Correct.

Correct option: (4) Boar

• Pathology of Fetal Maceration:
• Fetal maceration occurs following fetal death when the corpus luteum regresses, the cervix partially opens, but abortion fails to occur.
• Saprophytic and pyogenic bacteria enter from the vagina, lysing and putrefying fetal soft tissues leaving clean fetal bones floating in foul pus within the uterus.
• Because maceration requires prior fetal skeletal mineralization (bones), it can occur at any stage of gestation after bone formation is established (typically mid-to-late gestation).
• nalysis:
• (At any stage): Correct.

Correct option: (4) Atany stage