Veterinary Surgery and Radiology- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024

• Unique Endocrinology of the Bitch (Canis lupus familiaris):
• In most domestic mammals (cow, ewe, mare, sow), luteinization of follicular granulosa cells occurs strictly post-ovulation under the influence of the LH surge.
• In the Bitch:
• Follicular granulosa cells undergo extensive pre-ovulatory luteinization $24 - 48\text{ hours}$ before ovulation in response to the initial rise in baseline LH.
• This causes circulating plasma progesterone levels to rise significantly ($\gt 2\text{ ng/ml}$) prior to follicular rupture, serving as the definitive clinical indicator for timing breeding and artificial insemination.
• nalysis:
• (Bitch): Correct.

Correct option: (4) Bitch

• Equine Mating Behavior:
• Courtship (vocalizing, nuzzling, flehmen, sniffing the mare's flank) is followed by mounting.
• The actual act of mounting, penile insertion (intromission), pelvic thrusts, and ejaculation in horses is rapid, typically lasting approximately $30 - 40\text{ seconds}$ (about 40 seconds), indicated by rhythmic "tail flagging" in the stallion during ejaculation.
• nalysis:
• (About 40 sec): Correct standard copulatory duration.

Correct option: (1) About 40 sec

• Blom's Classification of Sperm Defects:
• Primary Abnormalities: Arise in the testis during spermatogenesis:
• Double head, microcephalic/macrocephalic head, piriform head.
• Double midpiece, coiled tails, abaxial attachments.
• Secondary Abnormalities: Arise after leaving the seminiferous tubules (in the epididymis or during ejaculation/laboratory smearing):
• Detached normal heads (decapitated sperm).
• Distal cytoplasmic droplets, bent tails.
• nalysis:
• (Detached normal head): Correct (this is a secondary abnormality, not primary).

Correct option: (4) Detached normal head