Fluid Milk Processing & Preservation

Automation systems in dairy plants:

• is an incorrect expansion.
• SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, an industrial computer system used to monitor and control automated plant processes (such as pasteurizers, CIP circuits, and evaporators) in real time.
• is unrelated chemistry jargon.
• is fictitious.

Food Safety Management System (ISO 22000) terminology:

• is incorrect.
• is incorrect.
• OPRP stands for Operational Prerequisite Programme under ISO 22000, defined as a prerequisite programme (PRP) identified by the hazard analysis as essential to control the likelihood of introducing food safety hazards to the product.
• is incorrect.

Automatic process control in dairy processing equipment:

• Simple proportional (P) control leaves a permanent steady-state offset error under load variations.
• Proportional-Integral (PI) control eliminates steady-state offset but slows system response to rapid thermal disturbances.
• Proportional-Derivative (PD) control improves transient response and damping but retains offset error.
• Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control is universally utilized for hot water loops in HTST pasteurizers because it provides proportional action for immediate corrective response, integral action to eliminate steady-state temperature offsets, and derivative action to anticipate rapid fluctuations in milk inlet flow or temperature, maintaining tight pasteurization margins ($72\pm 0.5^\circ\text{C}$).