Operating principle of multiple effect evaporation:

• Supplying fresh live steam to each vessel independently describes parallel single-effect evaporators operating in tandem, which forfeits thermal steam economy.
• Steam or vapor must be transferred to drive subsequent concentration vessels.
• In a multiple effect evaporator, fresh boiler steam is supplied only to the first effect. The vapor generated by boiling the liquid in the first effect is routed as the heating steam into the calandria (heating chamber) of the second effect, which operates at a lower pressure and boiling point, achieving high steam economy.
• Industrial evaporators utilize low-pressure saturated boiler steam rather than electric resistance heaters.

Matching membrane separation processes with their primary separation effects:

• Microfiltration ($0.1\text{--}10\ \mu\text{m}$ pore size) retains suspended particulates and bacteria, achieving cold sterilization $\to$ (II).
• Ultrafiltration ($1\text{--}100\text{ kDa}$ MWCO) retains proteins and macromolecules while permeating salts and sugars $\to$ (III).
• Nanofiltration (loose reverse osmosis, $200\text{--}1000\text{ Da}$ MWCO) retains organic solutes and divalent ions while allowing monovalent salts to pass (demineralization) $\to$ (IV).
• Reverse Osmosis (dense non-porous membranes, $\lt 100\text{ Da}$) rejects virtually all dissolved solutes, concentrating solutions by exclusively removing pure water $\to$ (I).