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Agricultural Engineering
75 Notes1Study and Use of Surveying and Leveling Instruments
2Chain and Cross Staff Survey
3Radiation and Intersection Method
4Plane Table Survey
5Height of Collimation and Rise & Fall Method
6Computation of Area and Volume
7Soil Erosion Control
8Soil Erosion
9Design of Contour Bund
10Runoff Computation and Universal Soil Loss Equation
11Rainwater Harvesting
12Design of Farm Pond
13Study of Aquifers
14Types and Selection of Pumps
15Types of Green House…
16Green House Environment…
17Equipment Required for Controlling Greenhouse Environment
18Planning of Greenhouse Facility
19Materials for Construction of Greenhouses
20Design Criteria and Constructional Details of Greenhouses
21Greenhouse Heating and Distribution Systems
22Irrigation System Used in Greenhouses
23Threshing
24Winnowing
25Groundnut Decorticator
26Sheller – Maize and Castor Sheller
27Drying – Grain Drying, Types of Dryers, Importance of Drying
28Storage – Grain Storage (Types)
29Fruits and Vegetable Cleaning
30Grading
31Size Reduction – Equipment for Size Reduction
32Evaporation – Principles and Types of Evaporators
33Food Standards and Regulations
34Classification of Energy Sources
35Introduction to Renewable Energy Sources
36Renewable Energy – Potentials and Achievements
37Characterization of Biomass
38Biomass Briquetting – A Value Adding Technology for Agro Residues
39Biomass Combustion Technology
40Gasifier Technology
41Biomass Gasification Methods (Thermochemical Conversion, Principle, Gasifiers, Operation Types, Applications)
42Removal of Tar and Other Impurities
43Principles of Pyrolysis
44Biogas Technology – Energy Conversion Routes (Biochemical Conversion, Principle of Biogas)
45Biogas Plants Types
46Introduction to Biogas Technology
47Size and Site Selection for Biogas Plant
48Selection of Construction Materials
49Biofuels and Characteristics
50Biodiesel
51Biodiesel Production Processes
52Bio-ethanol Production Flowchart – Applications in the Transport Sector
53Biofuels – Importance in Transport Sector, Demand and Growth
54Basics of Solar Photovoltaics
55Recent Trend in Solar Drying – Solar Tunnel Dryer
56Solar Driers – Principles and Types
57Solar PV Systems – Principle and Water Pumping Applications
58Solar Water Heaters – Principle and Applications
59Hydro-Energy Conversion System
60Wind Energy
61Wind Mill
62Energy Conservation in Agriculture
63Farm Power in India – Human, Animal, Mechanical, and Electrical Energy Sources in Agriculture
64Two Stroke and Four Stroke Engines
65Different Systems of IC Engine – Cooling, Lubricating, Fuel Injection Systems
66Tractors – Types and Utilities
67Tillage
68Primary Tillage
69Sowing Methods
70Sowing Methods – Seed Drills, Seed cum Fertilizer Drills (Components and Functions)
71Sowing Methods – Seed Drills, Seed cum Fertilizer Drills (Components and Functions)
72Sprayers and Their Functions, Classification, (Manually Operated, Power Sprayers, Dusters, Types, Uses)
73Equipment for Land Development and Soil Conservation
74Cost of Operation of Farm Machinery – Problem-Solving
75Tractor and Implement Selection for Different Agricultural Operations
Agriculture Economics
68 Notes1ECONOMICS – Definition, Nature & Scope; Divisions of Economics
2ECONOMIC SYSTEMS – Definitions and Characteristics; Capital, Socialist & Mixed Economy
3CONSUMPTION – Theory of Consumer Behaviour; Utility (Definition, Measurement, Cardinal & Ordinal Approaches, Diminishing Marginal Utility, Demand Curve)
4Ordinal Approach – Indifference Curve, Characteristics, Budget Line, Consumer Equilibrium
5Demand – Individual Demand, Market Demand, Demand Schedule & Curve, Law of Demand and Factors Affecting It
6Elasticity of Demand – Price, Income & Cross Elasticities; Estimation; Point and Arc Elasticity; Giffen, Normal, Inferior, Substitutes & Complementary Goods
7Engel’s Law – Family Expenditure, Consumer Surplus (Estimation and Applications)
8PRODUCTION – Factors of Production; Land (Characteristics) & Labour (Quantity, Quality, Division, Efficiency, Malthusian Theory)
9CAPITAL – Characteristics; Capital Formation; Business Firm Organization; Types & Characteristics; Concept of Shares & Debentures
10SUPPLY – Law of Diminishing Marginal Return; Application to Agriculture; Cost Concepts; Short & Long Run Cost Curves; Optimum Production Level
11Graphical Derivation of Supply from Cost Curve; Supply Schedule & Curve; Law and Elasticity of Supply
12MARKET, Market Structure and Price Determination
13Factor Pricing – Rent (Ricardian, Economic, Quasi); Wage (Marginal Productivity Theory); Interest (Liquidity Preference); Profit (Risk-bearing Theory)
14MACRO ECONOMICS – Concepts of GNP, GDP, NNP and Per Capita Income
15Money – Definition, Functions; Inflation (Consequences & Control)
16Public Finance – Public Revenue, Expenditure, Taxation & Principles of Taxation
17AGRICULTURAL FINANCE: Nature and Scope
18TIME VALUE OF MONEY
19AGRICULTURAL CREDIT – Meaning, Definition, Need and Classification
20CREDIT ANALYSIS
21HISTORY OF FINANCING AGRICULTURE IN INDIA
22COMMERCIAL BANKS
23REGIONAL RURAL BANKS
24HIGHER FINANCING INSTITUTIONS
25INSURANCE AND CREDIT GUARANTEE CORPORATION OF INDIA
26CROP INSURANCE
27AGRICULTURAL COOPERATION – Philosophy and Principles
28REORGANISATION OF COOPERATIVE CREDIT STRUCTURE IN ANDHRA PRADESH AND SINGLE WINDOW SYSTEM
29SUCCESSFUL COOPERATIVE SYSTEMS IN GUJARAT, MAHARASHTRA, PUNJAB
30INTRODUCTION
31MARKET STRUCTURE, CONDUCT AND PERFORMANCE
32MARKETING CHANNELS, MARKETING COST, MARKETING EFFICIENCY AND MARKET INTEGRATION
33EXTERNAL TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
34COOPERATIVE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING INSTITUTIONS
35STATE TRADING AND QUALITY CONTROL
36WAREHOUSING AND FOOD CORPORATION OF INDIA
37AGRICULTURAL PRICES AND RISK MANAGEMENT
38AGRIBUSINESS
39SMALL BUSINESS
40MANAGEMENT
41PLANNING
42Organizing
43Directing
44Controlling
45Production Management
46Materials Management
47Marketing Management
48Personnel Management
49Financial Management
50MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
51GOVERNMENT PROGRAMMES AND REGULATIONS FOR AGRIBUSINESS
52AGRICULTURAL INPUTS AND AGROPROCESSING
53INTRODUCTION TO FARM MANAGEMENT
54Farm Management Decision Making Process (Production, Operational, Strategic, Administrative, Marketing)
55Basic Concepts in Farm Management – Production, Resource Types, Choice Indicators, Costs, Revenue, Profit, Total, Average & Marginal Concepts
56Factor–Product Relationship – Production Function (Definition & Types: Linear, Quadratic & Cobb-Douglas); Impact of Technology
57Law of Diminishing Returns – Three Regions of Production
58Cost Concepts & Interrelations – Optimum Input Use and Production
59Economies of Scale – External & Internal Economies, Diseconomies, Returns to Scale, Economies of Size
60Factor–Factor Relationship – Principle of Substitution; Isoquant & Isocline
61Expansion Path, Ridgeline and Least Cost Combination of Inputs
62Product–Product Relationship – Production Possibility Curve, Iso Revenue Line, Optimum Output Combination
63Equi-marginal Returns and Opportunity Cost – Comparative Advantage
64Concepts of Risk and Uncertainty – Types in Agriculture; Managerial Decisions to Reduce Production Risks
65Management of Important Farm Resources
66Farm Financial Analysis – Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Cash Flow Analysis, Ratio Analysis
67Farm Investment Analysis – Time Comparison Principles; Discounted and Undiscounted Measures
68Farm Planning and Control – Elements, Objectives, Steps, Formulation of Farm Plans; Farm-level MIS
Agro Meteorology
9 Notes11. AGRO METEOROLOGY
22. WEATHER AND CLIMATE, MICRO-CLIMATE
33. WEATHER ELEMENTS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON DIFFERENT CROPS
44. MONSOON
55. CLOUDS
66. WEATHER ABERRATIONS
77. WEATHER FORECASTING
88. WEATHER MODIFICATION – ARTIFICIAL RAIN MAKING AND CLOUD SEEDING
99. Remote Sensing…
Agronomy
118 Notes1Agriculture Heritage in India
2Development of Human Culture and Beginning of Agriculture
3Indus Civilization (3250 BC – 2750 BC)
4Status of Farmers during the Indus, Vedic, Buddhist, Mauryan, Gupta & Sangam Periods
5Kautilya’s Arthashastra, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry & Commodity Trade – Features of Village
6Agriculture in the Sangam Literature of Tamil Nadu
7Astronomy – Prediction of Monsoon Rains; Parashara, Varahamihira, Panchanga vs. Modern Methods
8Ancient Soil Classification and Maintenance of Soil Productivity
9Water Harvesting & Irrigation Developments – from Storage to Modern Agriculture
10Plant Protection in Ancient Period – ITK, Harvesting, Threshing & Storage
11Crops – Indigenous & Introduced: History of Rice, Sugarcane & Cotton
12Gardening in Ancient and Medieval Period – Arboriculture & Orchards
13Traditional Technical Knowledge
14Vegetable Farming – Floriculture, Perfumes & Medicinal Plants
15Role of Cattle & Domestic Animals – For Draught, Milk & Indigenous Breeds
16Indian Civilization & Agriculture by Travelers (China, Europe, USA)
17Our Journey in Agriculture and Vision for the Future
18Agriculture – Definition, Importance, Scope, Branches; Evolution & Scientific Development; Research Institutes
19Indian Agriculture – Economy, GDP Contribution, National & Per Capita Income; Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture
20History of Agricultural Development in the World & India; Agriculture Heritage & Ancient India
21Stages of Agricultural Development – Era of Civilization & Neolithic Importance
22Chronology of Agricultural Technology Development in India
23Kautilya’s Arthashastra, Sangam Literature & Rainfall Prediction
24Agronomy – Definition, Meaning, Scope; Agro-Climatic & Agro-Ecological Zones of India
25Crops & Major Soils – Classification; Economic & Agricultural Importance in India
26Factors Affecting Crop Production – Climatic, Edaphic, Biotic, Physiographic & Socio-Economic Factors
27Tillage – Definition, Objectives, Types; Modern Concepts; Field Preparation
28Seeds – Seed Rate, Sowing Methods, Germination, Crop Stand Establishment & Planting Geometry
29Role of Manures and Fertilizers in Crop Production
30Irrigation – Timing, Methods, Modern Techniques & Drainage Importance
31Planting Geometry & Its Effect on Growth and Yield
32Cropping Pattern & System – Intensive Cropping, Sustainable Agriculture, IFS
33Organic/Eco-Friendly Agriculture – Dry Farming; Concepts & Principles
34Irrigation – Introduction & Importance
35Role of Water in Plant Growth
36Soil Water Movement
37Soil Moisture Measurement
38Moisture Extraction Pattern of Crops
39Crop Water Requirement
40Water Requirement for Different Crops
41Water Budgeting
42Water Use Efficiency
43Agronomic Practices for Using Problem Water (Saline, Effluent, Sewage)
44Water Management for Problem Soils
45Technology Options for Water Management in Non-Rice Crops
46Command Area Development
47Water Logging and Field Drainage
48Drip Irrigation and Fertigation
49Sprinkler Irrigation
50Plastic Mulching for Crop Production
51Methods of Irrigation – Suitability, Advantages & Limitations
52Oil Seeds and Their Importance
53Groundnut
54Sesame ( Sesamum indicum )
55Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus )
56Rapeseed – Mustard
57Safflower
58Castor
59Linseed
60Niger
61Sugarcane
62Tropical Sugarbeet
63Fiber
64Cotton
65Jute
66Mesta
67Tobacco
68Pests of Oil Seeds (Sunflower, Groundnut, Safflower)
69Stored Grain Pests
70Maize
71All About Maize
72Wheat and Barley
73Oats, Rye, Triticale
74Sorghum and Pearl Millet
75Pearl Millet
76Finger Millet
77Importance, Area, Production & Productivity of Oilseeds, Sugar Crops, Cereals, Pulses, Medicinal & Forage Crops
78Wheat ( Triticum sp. )
79Barley
80Triticale
81Rabi Pulses – Chickpea
82Lentil ( Lens culinaris )
83Fieldpea ( Pisum sativum )
84French Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris )
85Area, Production & Utilization of Oilseeds (Groundnut, Sesame, Rapeseed, Mustard, Sunflower, Safflower, Castor, Niger, Linseed)
86Rapeseed-Mustard ( Brassicas sp. )
87Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus )
88Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius )
89Linseed ( Linum usitatissimum )
90Sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum )
91Tropical Sugarbeet ( Beta vulgaris spp. Vulgaris )
92Mentha (Mint)
93Lemongrass
94Citronella ( Cymbopogon winterianus )
95Palmarosa ( Cymbopogon martini var. motia )
96Isabgol
97Potato ( Solanum tuberosum )
98Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum )
99Forage Crops, Grasses & Legumes
100Berseem ( Trifolium alexandriannium )
101Lucerne ( Medicago sativa )
102Oats ( Avena sativa )
103Preservation of Fodder – Hay & Silage Making
104Weeds – Introduction, Harmful Effects & Benefits
105Classification of Weeds with Figures
106Propagation & Dissemination of Weed Seeds
107Crop-Weed Association, Competition & Allelopathy
108Methods of Weed Control – Physical & Cultural
109Methods of Weed Control – Chemical, Biological & Herbicidal
110Integrated Weed Management
111Nomenclature of Common Herbicides
112Low Volume Herbicides, Adjuvants & Mode of Action
113Selectivity & Mode of Action of Herbicides
114Compatibility of Herbicides with Other Agrochemicals
115Weed Management in Major Field Crops
116Weed Management in Horticultural Crops
117Herbicides – Advantages & Disadvantages
118Herbicide – Classification
Animal Husbandry
44 Notes11. Preclusion-Significance of livestock and poultry in Indian economy-Livestock and Poultry census – the role of livestock and poultry in Indian agriculture
22. Various systems of livestock production-extensive – semi-intensive- intensive mixed
33. INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEMS- ROLE OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY, MANURE MANAGEMENT METHODS, DUCK/FISH/RICE CULTURE
44. Definition of breed-classification of indigenous, exotic cattle and buffaloes -Breed characteristics of Sindhi, Kangayam and Umblacherry, Jersey, Holstein Friesian, Murrah and Surti
55. Breeding- the importance of cross-breeding. Signs of estrous cycle-Artificial insemination-merits and demerits
66. Housing management-farm site selection-space requirement for calves, heifer, milch animal and work bullocks-Type design of house
77. Systems of housing-Single row system-Double row system- head to head and tail to tail-merits and demerits
88. Care and management of newborn calf and heifers
99. Care and management of pregnant, lactating animals and work bullocks
1010. Milk-Definition – clean milk production-methods of milking – hand and machine milking. Preservatives and common adulterants of milk
1111. Processing of milk-Cooling-Pasteurization-Definition-Various methods-Low Temperature Long Time, High-Temperature Short Time and Ultra High Temperatureadvantages and disadvantages
1212. Nutrition-Definition-Ration-Balanced ration-Desirable characteristics of a ration
1313. Requirement and importance of green fodder, carrying capacity and forage cycle
1414. Diseases-classification-viral, bacterial and metabolic-General control and preventive measures
1515. VIRAL DISEASES-FOOT AND MOUTH – BACTERIAL DISEASES ANTHRAX, HAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA AND BLACK QUARTER – METABOLIC- TYMPANITES, KETOSIS AND MILK FEVER. MASTITIS AND ITS CONTROL; Foot and Mouth Disease
1616. Zoonotic diseases – prevention and control (Anthrax, Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, and Rabies)
1717. SHEEP AND GOAT FARMING-CLASSIFICATION OF BREEDS OF INDIAN AND EXOTIC ORIGIN-NOMENCLATURE ALONE
1818. Systems of rearing-Housing management- Type design- Floor diagram-Space requirement for adult and young stock.
1919. CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF RAM, EWE AND LAMB-NUTRITION FEEDS AND FODDER FOR SMALL RUMINANTS.
2020. CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF BUCK, DOE, AND KID- NUTRITION FLUSHING.
2121. Common ailments of sheep and goat-Sheep pox-Foot and Mouth-Blue tongueEnterotoxaemia – Ecto and Endoparasites.
2222. Swine Husbandry –Common breeds of exotic origin-nomenclature alone housing of pigs.
2323. Care and management of Sow, Boar and Piglets-Nutrition- Creep feeding. Control and prevention of swine diseases –Hog cholera, Foot and mouth, Ecto and Endoparasites.
2424. Classification of poultry viz. layer, broiler, and dual purpose- Nomenclature of commercial layer and broiler strains.
2525. Care and management of day-old chicks-Brooder management
2626. Systems of housing- Deep litter and cage systems – merits and demerits
2727. Raised Platform
2828. Care and management of layers
2929. Care and management of broilers
3030. . Poultry Nutrition-Feed formulation-composition of chick mash grower, layer, broiler starter and finisher mashes
3131. Feed Conversion Ratio/dozen eggs or kilogram of meat. Marketing channels in poultry-Integration
3232. Classification of Poultry diseases-Viral-Bacterial-Protozoan- causative organisms, symptoms and prevention – Viral diseases – Ranikhet disease – Infectious bursal disease
3333. Bacterial diseases-E.coli-Coryza-Salmonellosis-Protozoan–Coccidiosis-causative organism – symptoms and preventive measures. Nutritional deficiency diseases and their control
341. ROLE OF FORESTS
352. STATUS OF FORESTS IN INDIA
363. Agroforestry – definition, different terminologies – components- the distinction between agroforestry and social forestry- benefits and constraints of agroforestry
374. Classification of Agroforestry systems
385. AGRISILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS- SUB SYSTEMS
396. SOME SUB SYSTEMS OF AGRISILVICULTURAL SYSTEM
407. SILVIPASTURE SYSTEM
418. AGRISILVOPASTURAL SYSTEMS AND OTHER SYSTEMS
429. AGROFORESTRY DIAGNOSIS AND DESIGN
4311. ROLE OF TREES IN SOIL FERTILITY ECONOMICS OF AGROFORESTRY
4416. Silvicultural practices for Casuarina, Silk cotton, Acacias and Bamboos
Entomology
96 Notes1HISTORY OF ENTOMOLOGY IN INDIA
2FACTORS FOR INSECTS ABUNDANCE
3CLASSIFICATION
4STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF INSECT CUTICLE AND MOULTING
5BODY SEGMENTATION
6METAMORPHOSIS AND DIAPAUSE IN INSECTS
7TYPES OF LARVAE AND PUPAE
8STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
9STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
10STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF EXCRETORY SYSTEM
11STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
12STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS
13REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
14TYPES OF REPRODUCTION IN INSECTS
15TAXONOMY – IMPORTANCE, HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT; BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (Definitions of Biotype, Sub-species, Species, Genus, Family & Order)
16CLASSIFICATION OF CLASS INSECTA UPTO ORDERS
17ORDER – ORTHOPTERA (FAMILY ACRIDIDA)
18DICTYOPTERA – MANTIDAE
19ODONATA
20ISOPTERA-TERMITIDAE
21THYSANOPTERA-THRIPIDAE
22HEMIPTERA – (PENTATOMIDAE, COREIDAE, PYRRHOCORIDAE, LYGAEIDAE)
23NEUROPTERA – CHRYSOPIDAE
24LEPIDOPTERA – (NOCTUIDAE, SPHINGIDAE, PYRALIDAE, GELECHIIDAE, ARCTIIDAE)
25COLEOPTERA – (COCCINELLIDAE, CHRYSOMELIDAE, CERAMBYCIDAE, CURCULIONIDAE, BRUCHIDAE, SCARABAEIDAE)
26HYMENOPTERA
27DIPTERA – (CECIDOMYIIDAE, TRYPETIDAE, TACHINIDAE, AGROMYZIIDAE)
28Principles of Applied Entomology
29Honey Bees – History of Beekeeping
30APIARY MANAGEMENT
31ROLE OF HONEY BEES IN CROSS POLLINATION
32BEE PRODUCTS – Their Properties and Uses
33Effect of Agricultural Inputs on Bee Activity (Pesticide Poisoning)
34Role of Pollinators, Weed Killers & Other Beneficial Insects
35Insect Ecology and Balance of Life
36Population Dynamics and Role of Biotic Factors
37Abiotic Factors on Insect Population
38About PEST
39PEST MONITORING
40PEST MANAGEMENT
41TRADITIONAL METHODS OF PEST CONTROL
42LEGAL CONTROL METHODS – DEFINITION
43HOST PLANT RESISTANCE
44BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
45CHEMICAL CONTROL
46PESTICIDES GROUPS
47THE INSECTICIDES ACT, 1968
48PHEROMONES
49STERILITY METHODS
50INSECT GROWTH REGULATORS
51PESTICIDE APPLICATION METHODS
52PESTICIDE COMPATIBILITY
53IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON PESTS
54IPM 1
55IPM 2
56IPM for Rice
57BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PEST MANAGEMENT
58Pest of Rice
59Pest of Rice – 2
60Pest of Sorghum, Pearl Millet, Finger Millet
61Pest of Maize and Wheat
62Pest of Pulses – Black gram, Green gram, Lablab, Cowpea
63Pest of Red Gram and Chickpea
64Pests of Mango
65Pests of Brinjal and Tomato
66Pests of Coconut and Arecanut
67Pests of Chillies and Peas
68Pests of Cruciferous Vegetables
69Pests of Tuber Vegetables
70Pests of Amaranthus and Moringa
71Pests of Pepper, Cardamom, Betelvine
72Pests of Onion, Garlic, Ginger and Turmeric
73Pests of Rose and Jasmine
74Pests of Gingelly, Castor, Mustard and Linseed
75Pest of Oil Seeds – Ground Nut, Sunflower, Safflower
76Stored Grain Pests
77Pests of Ornamental Plants
78Pest of Rice
79Pest of Rice – 2
80Pest of Sorghum, Pearl Millet, Finger Millet
81Pest of Maize and Wheat
82Pest of Pulses – Black gram, Green gram, Lablab, Cowpea
83Pest of Red Gram and Chickpea
84Pests of Brinjal and Tomato
85Pests of Coconut and Arecanut
86Pests of Chillies and Peas
87Pests of Cruciferous Vegetables
88Pests of Tuber Vegetables
89Pests of Amaranthus and Moringa
90Pests of Pepper, Cardamom, Betelvine
91Pests of Onion, Garlic, Ginger & Turmeric
92Pests of Rose and Jasmine
93Pests of Gingelly, Castor, Mustard & Linseed
94Pest of Oil Seeds – Sunflower, Groundnut, Safflower
95Stored Grain Pests
96Pests of Ornamental Plants
Environmental Studies & Disaster Management
17 Notes11. Scope and Importance of Environmental Studies
22. Natural resources: Renewable and Non-renewable resources. Land and Water resources
33. Natural resources: forest, wildlife, energy and food resources
44. Ecosystems: Definition, concept, structure and functions
55. Producers, consumers and decomposers of an ecosystem. Energy flow in the ecosystem. Types of ecosystems
66. Bio-diversity: Definition, classification, threats to biodiversity and its conservation
77. Environmental pollution: Causes, effects and control of air
88. Global warming and climate change
99. Causes, effects and control of water and marine pollution
1010. Causes, effects and control of soil pollution
1111. Causes, effects and control of noise and thermal pollution
1212. Causes, effects and management of nuclear hazards and industrial wastes
1313. Disaster management, Floods, earthquakes, cyclones and landslides
1414. Social issues and the environment, unsustainable to sustainable development
1515. The Environment Protection Act, The Air Act, The water Act, The Wildlife Protection Act and Forest Conservation Act
1616. National and state level organizations – Environmental Laws and Acts – Environmental Education – CDM
1717. Woman and child welfare, HIV/AIDS and Role of information technology on the environment and human health
Extension Education
43 Notes11. EDUCATION AND EXTENSION
22. PRINCIPLES, PHILOSOPHY PROCESSES AND OBJECTIVES OF EXTENSION
33. RURAL DEVELOPMENT
44. DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMES OF PRE-INDEPENDENCE ERA
55. DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES OF POST- INDEPENDENCE ERA
66. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES
77. PANCHAYAT RAJ SYSTEM
88. AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES
99. The National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP)
1010. SOCIAL JUSTICE AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES
1111. Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
1213. WOMEN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES
1314. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SYSTEMS
1415. Implementation of broad-based extension system
151. Extension Education
162. SOCIOLOGY AND RURAL SOCIOLOGY
173. Indian rural society
184. Social groups
195. CULTURE
206. SOCIAL VALUES AND ATTITUDES
217. Social institutions
228. Social organisations
239. Social change
2410. Leaders and leadership
2511. SELECTION AND TRAINING OF LEADERS
2612. Educational psychology
2713. Personality
2814. Perception
2915. Instincts and emotions
3016. Motivation
3117. Memory
3218. Forgetting
3319. Teaching – learning process
3420. Learning process
351. Communication -Meaning, Definition, Models, Elements, Barriers
363. EXTENSION TEACHING METHOD
374. Individual contact methods
385. GROUP CONTACT METHODS
396. SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION TECHNIQUES
407. MASS CONTACT METHODS
419. INNOVATIVE INFORMATION SOURCES
4211. DIFFUSION AND ADOPTION OF INNOVATION
4312. CAPACITY BUILDING OF EXTENSION PERSONNEL AND FARMERS
Genetics & Plant Breeding
135 Notes1History of Genetics
2Mendel’s Laws and Exceptions
3Types of Gene Action
4Multiple Alleles
5Multiple Factor Hypothesis
6Quantitative genetics (Inheritance of Multiple Genes)
7Cytoplasmic Inheritance
8Methods of inducing mutations and C B technique
9Mutations
10Regulation of Gene Expression
11Lac Operon and Fine Structure of Gene
12Ultra Structure of Cell and cell Organelles and their functions
13Study of chromosome structure, morphology, number and types
14Mitosis and Meiosis
15DNA And Its Structure, Function, Types, Modes of Replication and Repair
16RNA and Its Structure, Function and types
17Central Dogma of Protein Synthesis
18Crossing over
19Linkage
20Numerical Mutation (Polyploidy)
21Structural Chromosomal Aberrations
2201 Aims and objectives
2302 Modes of Reproduction
2403 Apomixis
2504 Modes of Pollination
2605 Classification of plants
2706 Botanical description and
2807 Maize
2908 Small Millets
3009 Pulses..
3110 Oil Seeds
3211 Cotton
3312 Emasculation and Pollination
3413 Maize
3514 Red gram
3615 Sugarcane
3716 Methods of breeding
3817 Hybridization
3918 Back cross method
4019 (1)Incompatibility and male
4120 (2) Incompatibility and male sterility and their utilization in crop
4221 Heterosis, inbreeding
4323 Hybrids
4424 Clonal selection
4525 Hybridization
4626 Mutation Breeding
4727 Procedure for Mutatuion
4828 Application of Mutatuion
4929 (1) Ploidy breeding
50Seed Production
51Seed Demand Forecasting And Planning For Certified, Foundation And Breeder Seed Production
52Deterioration of Crop Varieties
53Seed Quality
54Classes of Seeds
55Seed Production in Maize
56Hybrid Seed Production in Maize
57Seed Production in Paddy
58Hybrid Seed Production in Paddy
59Seed Production in Sorghum
60Hybrid Seed Production in Sorghum
61Seed Production in Pearl Millet
62Seed Production in Cotton
63Seed Production in Sunflower
64Seed Production in Castor
65Seed Production in Vegetables
66Seed Production in Vegetables
67Seed Production in Vegetables
68Seed Production in Vegetables
69Seed Production in Vegetables
70Seed Production of Cucurbitaceous vegetables
7122 Seed Certification
72Seeds Act and Rules
73Varietal identification
74Seed Drying
75Seed Processing
76Seed Treatment
77Seed Storage
78Seed marketing
79Seed Pricing
80Breeding of Rice
81Rice Varieties Released Using Different Breeding Techniques
82Hybrid Rice Seed Production
83Wheat
84Maize
85Sorghum
86Finger millet
87Pearl millet
88Vagru (Kodo millet)
89Breeding of Pulses
90Black Gram
91Cow Pea
92Oil Seeds
93Gingelly
94Castor
95a. Cotton
96b. Jute
97a. Sugarcane
98b. Sugar Beet
99c. Potato
100Breeding Fruit Crops
101Breeding For Insects Resistance
102Breeding For Disease Resistance
103Breeding For Abiotic Stress Resistance
104Breeding For Quality characters
105Multiplication of seeds in a variety
106Varietal Rundown and Renovation
107Concepts of Biotechnology
108Tissue culture and its history
109Scope and importance in crop improvement
110Totipotency and Morphogenesis
111Nutritional requirements
112Techniques of Invitro cultures
113Micropropagation
114Haploid production and uses
115Ovule culture
116Ovary and embryo culture
117Test tube fertilization
118Endosperm culture
119Factors influencing morphogenesis
120Applications of plant tissue and cells culture techniques
121Somaclonal variation and crop improvement
122Somatic embryogenesis
123Protoplast isolation
124Products of somatic hybrids and cybrids
125Genetic engineering in plants
126Enzymes used in Genetic Engineering
127Vectors: The carriers of DNA molecules
128Gene cloning
129Gene delivery methods in plants
130Transgenic plants and their applications
131Blotting techniques
132DNA fingerprinting
133DNA markers in plant genome analysis
134QTL mapping
135Marker
Horticulture
115 Notes1Olericulture Essentials
2Vegetable Classification
3Kitchen Garden Innovations
4Tomato Production
5Brinjal Cultivation
6Lady’s Finger – Best Practices
7Cucurbits Management
8Ridge & Ash Gourds
9Ridge & Ash Gourds
10Bottle & Bitter Gourds
11Leafy & Cruciferous Varieties (Cabbage, Cauliflower)
12Leafy & Cruciferous Varieties (Cabbage, Cauliflower)
13Aromatic Alliums: Onion & Garlic
14Aromatic Alliums: Onion & Garlic
15Legume & Root Wonders: Peas, Potato & More
16Legume & Root Wonders: Peas, Potato & More
17Sweet & Specialty Varieties
18Sweet & Specialty Varieties
19Seasonal Root Crops: Radish, Turnip, Amaranthus
20Seasonal Root Crops: Radish, Turnip, Amaranthus
21Seasonal Root Crops: Radish, Turnip, Amaranthus
22Mixed Cultivation: Drumstick, Coccinea & Curry Leaf
23Ginger – Cultivation Insights
24Turmeric – Best Practices
25Pepper Production Techniques
26Cardamom Cultivation
27Herbs: Coriander, Cumin & Fenugreek
28Herbs: Coriander, Cumin & Fenugreek
29Herbs: Coriander, Cumin & Fenugreek
30Aromatic Boost: Lemongrass & Citronella
31Aromatic Boost: Lemongrass & Citronella
32Specialty Grasses & Herbs
33Specialty Grasses & Herbs
34Exotic Varieties: Geranium, Davana & More
35Exotic Varieties: Geranium, Davana & More
36Tree Crops & Vines: Coconut, Cashew, Coffee, Oil Palm
37Tree Crops & Vines: Coconut, Cashew, Coffee, Oil Palm
38Tree Crops & Vines: Coconut, Cashew, Coffee, Oil Palm
39Tree Crops & Vines: Coconut, Cashew, Coffee, Oil Palm
40Medicinal & Miscellaneous
41Medicinal & Miscellaneous
42Medicinal & Miscellaneous
43Herbal Finishes: Ocimum, Periwinkle, Aloe Vera, and More
44Herbal Finishes: Ocimum, Periwinkle, Aloe Vera, and More
45Herbal Finishes: Ocimum, Periwinkle, Aloe Vera, and More
46Herbal Finishes: Ocimum, Periwinkle, Aloe Vera, and More
47Spice Vines & Solanaceous Varieties
48Spice Vines & Solanaceous Varieties
49Spice Vines & Solanaceous Varieties
50Fruit Cultivation Scope & Importance
51Apple Production Techniques
52Mango – From Orchard to Market
53Papaya & Banana Innovations
54Papaya & Banana Innovations
55Sapota, Guava & Grapes: Modern Insights
56Sapota, Guava & Grapes: Modern Insights
57Sapota, Guava & Grapes: Modern Insights
58Exotic & Subtropical: Pineapple, Jack & More
59Exotic & Subtropical: Pineapple, Jack & More
60Pomegranate, Custard Apple & Amala
61Pomegranate, Custard Apple & Amala
62Pomegranate, Custard Apple & Amala
63Wood Apple, Date Palm & Fig
64Wood Apple, Date Palm & Fig
65Wood Apple, Date Palm & Fig
66Litchi, Avocado, Pear & More
67Litchi, Avocado, Pear & More
68Litchi, Avocado, Pear & More
69Plums, Prunes, Peach & Kiwi
70Plums, Prunes, Peach & Kiwi
71Plums, Prunes, Peach & Kiwi
72Strawberry – A Sweet Finale
73Mango – Classroom Insights
74Citrus Varieties
75Vine Fruits: Grapes & Kiwi
76Pomegranate Deep Dive
77Apple – Study Notes
78Peach & Pear – Comparative Study
79Peach & Pear – Comparative Study
80Plum Insights
81Strawberry Classroom Review
82Banana – Study Companion
83Tea, Coffee & Cardamom
84Introduction to Greenhouses
85Greenhouse Types & Designs
86Environmental Management in Greenhouses
87High-Tech Equipment & Ventilation
88Planning & Construction of Greenhouses
89Materials & Structural Insights
90Heating, Distribution & Irrigation Systems
91Post-Harvest: Threshing, Winnowing, & Drying Techniques
92Post-Harvest: Threshing, Winnowing, & Drying Techniques
93Post-Harvest: Threshing, Winnowing, & Drying Techniques
94Grain Storage & Post-Cleaning Solutions
95Grain Storage & Post-Cleaning Solutions
96Grading, Size Reduction & Evaporation Techniques
97Grading, Size Reduction & Evaporation Techniques
98Vegetable Seed Production: Tomato, Chillies & Bhindi
99Vegetable Seed Production: Tomato, Chillies & Bhindi
100Vegetable Seed Production: Tomato, Chillies & Bhindi
101Onion & Brinjal Seed Production
102Onion & Brinjal Seed Production
103Cucurbitaceous Seed Production
104Seed Certification & Regulatory Acts
105Seed Certification & Regulatory Acts
106Varietal Identification
107Seed Drying
108Seed Processing
109Seed Treatment
110Seed Storage
111Seed Marketing
112Seed Pricing
113Structure of Monocot Seed & Its Relationship with Developing Maize Seedlings
114Seed Dormancy: Causes, Factors Affecting Dormancy & Methods to Break Dormancy
115Seed Germination & Factors Affecting Seed Germination
Introduction to Computer Applications
16 Notes1Introduction to computers, Anatomy of computers
2Units of Memory, Hardware, Software, and Classification of Computers
3Personal Computers, Types of Processors, Booting of Computer- warm and cold booting
4Computer Viruses, Worms and Vaccines
5Operating System – Some Fundamental DOS Commands, Rules for naming files in DOS, and Types of files
6WINDOWS: GUI, Desktop and its elements, Windows Explorer, Working with files and folders, Setting time and date, Starting and Shutting down Windows
7MS-WORD: Word-processing and units of the document, features of word-processing packages. Creating, Editing, Formatting, and Saving a document in MS-WORD
8MS-EXCEL: Electronic Spreadsheets – concepts, packages. Creating, Editing, and Saving a spreadsheet with MS-EXCEL
9Use of in-built functions and writing expressions
10Data Analysis Tools- Correlation and Regression, t-test for two samples, and ANOVA with One-way classification
11t-test for two samples and ANOVA with One-way classification
12CREATING GRAPHS
13MSACCESS: Concept of Database- Units of the database, creating a database
14Principles of Programming: Flow charts, illustrations through examples
15Internet: World Wide Web (WWW), Concepts
16Web Browsing and Electronic Mail
Plant Biochemistry
21 Notes11. Introduction, Carbohydrates – importance &classification – Download PDF
22. OCCURRENCE AND STRUCTURE OF MONOSACCHARIDES – Download PDF
33. STRUCTURE OF DISACCHARIDES & POLYSACCHARIDES -Composition, sources, and properties of common disaccharides- Download PDF
44. Muta rotation, optical activity and physical properties of sugars- Download PDF
55. Chemical properties of carbohydrates Monosaccharides- Download PDF
66. Lipids – introduction, importance and classification- Download PDF
77-9. Plant fatty acids – Download PDF
810. Physical constants – Download PDF
911. AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS – Download PDF
1012. Proteins – Download PDF
1113-14. Confirmation of proteins – Download PDF
1215. ENZYMES – Download PDF
1316. MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTION – Download PDF
1418. APOENZYMES, COENZYMES AND COFACTORS, ISOZYMES – Download PDF
1519-24. METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATE – Download PDF
1625. LIPASES AND PHOSPHOLIPASES – Download PDF
1726. OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS- Download PDF
1827. Fatty acid and triacylglycerol biosynthesis- Download PDF
1928. TRANSAMINATION, DEAMINATION, AND DECARBOXYLATION – Download PDF
2029. Ammonia assimilating enzymes, GDH, GS and GOGAT – Download PDF
2130. SECONDARY METABOLITES – OCCURRENCE, CLASSIFICATION AND FUNCTIONS OF PHENOLICS- Download PDF
Plant Pathology
89 Notes1Introduction and History of Plant Pathology
2Introduction to Plant Pathology- 2
3Important Plant Pathogenic Organisms
4General Characters of Fungi
5Nomenclature – Classification of Fungi
6Myxomycota
7Eumycota
8Zygomycotina (Mucorales)
9Ascomycotina
10Basidiomycotina
11Deuteromycotina
12Prokaryotes
13Plant Viruses
14Viroids
15Definition and Objectives of Plant Pathology
16Terms and Concepts in Plant Pathology
17Phenomenon of Infection
18Pathogenesis
19Defense Mechanism in Plants
20Plant Disease Forecasting
21Remote Sensing
22General Principles of Plant Diseases Management
23Regulatory Methods
24Cultural Methods
25Biological Control and PGPR
26Physical Methods
27Chemical Methods
28Host Plant Resistance
29Biotechnology in Plant Disease Management
30Disease Management by Biotechnological Methods
31Integrated Plant Disease Management
32Plant Epidemiology
33Diseases of Rice and Their Management
34Diseases of Sorghum and Their Management
35Diseases of Wheat and Their Management
36Pearlmillet Diseases and Their Management
37Maize Diseases and Their Management
38Sugarcane Diseases and Their Management
39Diseases of Turmeric and Their Management
40Diseases of Tobacco and Their Management
41Diseases of Groundnut and Their Management
42Diseases of Castor and Their Management
43Diseases of Sunflower and Their Management
44Diseases of Sesamum and Their Management
45Diseases of Cotton and Their Management
46Diseases of Red Gram and Their Management
47Diseases of Blackgram and Their Management
48Diseases of Green Gram and Their Management
49Diseases of Bengal Gram and Their Management
50Diseases of Soybean and Their Management
51Diseases of Citrus and Their Management
52Diseases of Mango and Their Management
53Diseases of Banana and Their Management
54Diseases of Grapes and Their Management
55Diseases of Pomegranate and Papaya and Their Management
56Diseases of Guava and Sapota and Their Management
57Diseases of Apple and Their Management
58Diseases of Chilli and Their Management
59Diseases of Brinjal and Their Management
60Diseases of Bhendi and Their Management
61Diseases of Potato and Their Management
62Diseases of Cucurbits and Their Management
63Diseases of Crucifers and Their Management
64Diseases of Tomato and Their Management
65Diseases of Beans and Their Management
66Diseases of Onion & Garlic and Their Management
67Diseases of Coconut and Oil Palm and Their Management
68Diseases of Mulberry and Their Management
69Diseases of Betelvine and Their Management
70Diseases of Coffee and Their Management
71Diseases of Tea and Their Management
72Diseases of Rose and Their Management
73Diseases of Chrysanthemum and Their Management
74Diseases of Jasmine and Crossandra and Their Management
75Diseases of Crossandra and Their Management
76Vegetable & Spice Diseases: Chilli to Tomato
77Vegetable & Spice Diseases: Chilli to Tomato
78Vegetable & Spice Diseases: Chilli to Tomato
79Other Affected Crops: Bhendi, Potato & More
80Other Affected Crops: Bhendi, Potato & More
81Combined Issues: Onion/ Garlic, Betelvine, Coffee & Tea
82Combined Issues: Onion/ Garlic, Betelvine, Coffee & Tea
83Combined Issues: Onion/ Garlic, Betelvine, Coffee & Tea
84Coconut & Oil Palm Disease Issues
85Additional Concerns: Beans, Crucifers & More
86Additional Concerns: Beans, Crucifers & More
87Citrus, Mango & Mulberry Disease Management
88Citrus, Mango & Mulberry Disease Management
89Citrus, Mango & Mulberry Disease Management
Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry
59 Notes1Soil – Pedological and Edaphological Concepts
2Origin of the Earth
3Rocks and Minerals
4Weathering
5Soil Formation Factors and Processes
6Soil Profile
7Soil Physical Properties
8Soil Structure – Classification
9Soil Aggregates
10Soil Compaction
11Retention of Water by Soil
12Movement of Soil Water
13Thermal Properties of Soils
14Layer Silicate Clays – Genesis and Classification
15Cation and Anion Exchange
16Humus – Fractionation of Organic Matter
17Carbon Cycle
18Soil Colloids
19Soil Organic Matter
20Genesis, Characteristics, and Reclamation of Acid Soils
21Genesis, Characteristics, and Reclamation of Saline Soils
22Genesis, Characteristics, and Reclamation of Sodic Soils
23Soil Chemistry
24Soil pH and Buffer pH
25Soil as a Source of Plant Nutrients
26All About Nitrogen
27Phosphorus
28Potassium
29Secondary Nutrients
30Micronutrients
31Nutrient Deficiency and Toxicity
32Soil Fertility Evaluation
33Soil Testing
34Fertility Evaluation by Plant Analysis
35Fertilizers – Use and Legislation
36Tolerance Limit in Plant Nutrients for Various Fertilizers
37Manures – Types, Composition, and Value Sources
38Green Manures, Oilcakes, Sewage Sludge, Biogas Plant Slurry, and Plant & Animal Refuges
39Composting of Organic Wastes
40Classification of Fertilizers – N, P, and K Fertilizers
41Nitrogenous Fertilizers
42A. Potassium Fertilizers
43Secondary and Micronutrient Fertilizers
44Complex Fertilizers
45Mixed Fertilizers
46Biofertilizers
47Impacts of Fertilizers on the Environment
48A. Pesticides Formulation
49B. Pesticides Formulation – 2
50Botanicals
51Carbamates
52Synthetic Pyrethroids
53Herbicide
54Fungicides
55Organic Fungicides
56Systemic Fungicides
57Insecticide Act
58Fate of Pesticides in Soil and Plant
59Plant Growth Regulators
Statistical Methods
33 Notes1Data
2Diagrammatic representation of data
3Graphical representation – Histogram – Frequency polygon and Frequency curve
4Measures of averages
5Measures of dispersion – Range, Variance -Standard deviation – co-efficient of variation
6Probability – Basic concepts-trial- event-equally likely- mutually exclusive
7Poisson Distributions – properties, Normal Distributions- properties
8Sampling-basic concepts
9Test of significance
10T-test
11Attributes
12Correlation
13Statistics-introduction
142-Sample t-Test Using Minitab
15Chi-Square
16Degrees of Freedom in Statistics
17Inference_About_Two_Means
18probability
19Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean 2
20Standard Error of the Mean
21Student t-Test
22The Poisson Distribution
23Regression
24Design of experiments
25Completely randomized design
26Latin square design
27Latin square design – description – layout – analysis – advantages and disadvantages
28Factorial experiments
292Square Factorial Experiments in RBD – layout – analysis
302cube factorial experiments in RBD – layout – analysis
31Split plot design – layout – ANOVA Table
32Strip plot design – layout – ANOVA Table
33Long-term experiments – ANOVA table – -R
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Frequently Asked Questions
Are these notes free to download?
Yes, all lecture notes on this page are completely free to download. Simply click the “Download PDF” button next to any topic and the file will open in a new tab.
Which subjects are covered in these B.Sc Agriculture notes?
We cover 15 major subjects including Agronomy, Soil Science, Horticulture, Entomology, Genetics & Plant Breeding, Plant Pathology, Agriculture Economics, Extension Education, Animal Husbandry, Agricultural Engineering, Agro Meteorology, Plant Biochemistry, Statistical Methods, Environmental Studies, and Introduction to Computer Applications.
Can I use these notes for ICAR JRF/SRF exam preparation?
Yes, these notes cover fundamental topics that are part of the ICAR JRF, SRF, and other competitive agriculture examinations.
In what language are these notes available?
All lecture notes are primarily available in English, written in simple, easy-to-understand language suitable for agriculture students at all levels.
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