Biological functions of hen's egg albumen proteins:

• Lysozyme (muramidase) hydrolyzes $\beta$-(1,4)-glycosidic linkages in bacterial peptidoglycan cell walls.
• Ovomucin is a high-molecular-weight, sialic acid-rich fibrous glycoprotein responsible for the gel structure of thick egg white. It acts as a potent inhibitor of viral hemagglutination by binding influenza virus hemagglutinin spikes.
• Ovoglobulins G2 and G3 provide foaming ability.
• Avidin is a glycoprotein that binds the B-vitamin biotin with extremely high affinity.

Functions of curing agents in meat preservation:

• Meat cures (mixtures of sodium chloride, sodium nitrite, and/or sodium nitrate with curing accelerators like ascorbate) prevent microbial spoilage, specifically inhibiting the germination and toxin outgrowth of Clostridium botulinum, while retarding lipid oxidation and stabilizing characteristic cured pink color.
• Thickeners are used in gravies and emulsions, not meat stability.
• Clarifiers are utilized in beverage and oil refining.
• Bleaching agents are used in flours and fats, prohibited in fresh meats.

Connective tissue organization of skeletal muscle:

• Epimysium is the dense irregular connective tissue sheath that encloses the entire muscle belly, holding all bundles (fascicles) together into a discrete functional muscle unit.
• Perimysium surrounds individual bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles).
• Ligaments connect bone to bone.
• Epidermis is the outermost layer of skin.

Chemical kinetics of heme pigment oxidation in meat:

• Hemoglobin is lost primarily during bleeding of slaughtered carcasses.
• Myoglobin undergoes oxidation via its exposed iron-porphyrin complex.
• Ferroprotoporphyrin (heme iron moiety containing $Fe^{2+}$ unshielded by intact native globin folds) oxidizes rapidly upon thermal or denaturing stress into ferriprotoporphyrin ($Fe^{3+}$), accelerating brown discoloration.
• Metmyoglobin is the oxidized end product ($Fe^{3+}$) rather than the species being oxidized.